Kuka päivitti Dyer Lum?

Dyer Daniel Lum (February 15, 1839 – April 6, 1893) was an American labor activist, economist and political journalist. He was a leading figure in the American anarchist movement of the 1880s and early 1890s, working within the organized labor movement and together with individualist theorists.

Born into an abolitionist family, Lum voluntarily enlisted in the Union Army during the American Civil War, in which he fought for the abolition of slavery. After the war, he plied his trade as a bookbinder in New England and became involved in the nascent spiritualist movement, although he soon became skeptical of organized religion and converted to Buddhism. At this time, he became involved in the growing political reform movement, joining the Greenback Party and lobbying for the institution of the eight-hour day, as well as monetary and land reforms.

By the early 1880s, he had become disillusioned by third party politics and moved towards revolutionary socialism and individualist anarchism. He joined the International Working People's Association (IWPA) and the Knights of Labor, within which he advocated for workers organization to push for economic reform and political revolution. Lum was deeply affected by the Haymarket affair, as he was close friends with many of the defendants, including Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer and Louis Lingg, the latter of whom he helped commit suicide in order to avoid execution. Lum's involvement in the affair became a source of criticism from Chicago anarchists, who accused him of displaying a cavalier attitude towards revolutionary martyrdom, as well as the individualist Boston anarchists, who were alienated by his advocacy of revolutionary violence. Lum attempted to use his position to bridge the divide between the two factions, but was ultimately unsuccessful.

After Haymarket, he moved away from advocating violent revolution and became more closely involved in trade union organizing, which he thought provided a means through which to achieve a free association of producers and anarchy. He became an influential figure within the American Federation of Labor (AFL), encouraging its anti-political stance and practice of voluntary association. At this time, he developed a political programme that called for the implementation of mutualist economics through workers' organization and revolutionary tactics. But by the early 1890s, he was overcome by depression and suicidal ideations. He committed suicide in 1893, months before the pardoning of the Haymarket defendants.

فولتارين دو كلير (بالإنجليزية: Voltairine de Cleyre) (17 نوفمبر 1866 – 20 يونيو 1912) أميركية لاسلطوية (أناركية) مشهورة بكونها كاتبة غزيرة الإنتاج ومتحدثة معارضة لسلطة الدولة والرأسمالية التي رأتها مرتبطة بها، وللزواج وهيمنة الدين على الجنس وحياة النساء. كانت توصف بأنها من أوائل الناشطات النسائيات البارزات وذلك نظرًا إلى آرائها.

ولدت ونشأت في بلدات صغيرة في ميشيغان وارتادت المدرسة في سارنيا في دير أونتاريو الكاثوليكي. بدأت دو كلير مسيرتها الناشطة في حركة التفكير الحر. بدأت في مجال اللاسلطوية الفردية لكنها تطورت إلى التبادلية التي سمتها اللاسلطوية من دون صفات، حيث أعطت الأولوية للمجتمع عديم الجنسية دون الحاجة لاستخدام القوة فوق كل شيء. كانت معاصرة لايما غولدمان التي جمعتها بها علاقة احترام اختلاف الرأي في قضايا عدة. جُمعت العديد من مقالاتها في الأعمال المختارة لفولتارين دو كلير، وتم نشرها بعد وفاتها في مجلة ماذر ايرث الخاصة بغولدمان.